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Iberia: Spain & Portugal
The southwestern corner of Europe,
presently comprising Spain and Portugal. Iberian history and culture is
a complex weave of Celtiberian, Phoenician, Roman, Gothic, and Berber influences.
This page delineates the Classical and Christian states of Iberia. For
the Muslim states, see al-Andalus.
Contains: Algarve, Ampurias,
Andorra,
Aragon,
Asturias,
the Azores,
Barcelona,
Besalu,
Biscay, Britonia,
Cadiz, Cantabria,
Castile,
Cerdana,
Coimbra,
Galicia,
Gerona,
Leon,
Navarre,
Oporto,
Pallars,
Pamplona,
Portugal, Roman governors,
Sobrarbre,
Spain
(general survey), Tartessos,
Toledo
(Archbishops), and Urgel.
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ALGARVE (al-Gharb) The extreme southern
end of Portugal. The name derives from the Arabic appellation, which means
"the western country".
- To the Conii or Cynetes (an Iberian or Lusitanian tribe)...? -c. 150 with...
-
Phoenician and Carthaginian settlements............950-c. 200
-
To the Roman
Republic...........................c. 150-27 opposed by...
- Viriathus (throughout all Lusitania)...............148-c. 139
-
To the Roman Empire.............................27 BCE-395 CE
-
To the Western
Roman Empire........................395-409
-
To the Vandals.....................................409-429
-
To the Visigoths...................................429-711
-
To the Caliphate.................................711/6-755
-
To Cordoba.........................................755-c. 880
- Mozarab Rebellion - no names of rulers..........c. 880-912/32
- Mozarabs were people speaking Arabic but Christian in faith, using Visigothic rites - see also Bobastro, Regio, and Ronda.
- To Cordoba......................................912/32-1009
- To Badajoz........................................1009-1100
- To Morocco........................................1100-1145
- To Badajoz........................................1145-1150
- To Morocco........................................1150-1228/50
- To Portugal....................................1228/50-
- Until the Napoleonic era,
Algarve was locally autonomous under it's own governor, with a seperate
legal and taxation system. It comprised, in fact, a kind of conjoined
regality in personal union with Portugal, as reflected by the Portuguese sovereign's titular style: "King of Portugal and the Algarves"
AMPURIAS A locale in extreme northeastern
Spain, at the southern end of the Golfo de Rosas, about 20 miles (32 km.)
east-northeast of Gerona.
-
To the Caliphate...................................712-812
-
Ermenguer.......................................c. 812-c. 816
-
Gaucelmo (Gaucelin of Septimania ?).............c. 816-c. 832
-
Berenguer of Toulouse..............................832-834
-
Sunyer I of Carcassone.............................834-848 opposed
by...
-
Alaric (usurper)...................................842-844
-
William I the Pious................................848-850
-
Aleran.............................................850-852
-
Odalrik............................................852-858
-
Hunfried...........................................858-862
-
CARCASSONE
-
Dela...............................................862-894 with...
-
Sunyer II..........................................862-915
-
Bencio.............................................915-916
-
Gausbert...........................................915-931
-
Wilfred I..........................................931-991
-
Hugo I.............................................991-1040
-
Pons I............................................1040-1078
-
Hugo II...........................................1078-1116
-
Pons II...........................................1116-1154
-
Hugo III..........................................1154-1173
-
Pons III..........................................1173-1200
-
Hugo IV...........................................1200-1230
-
Pons IV...........................................1230-1269
-
Hugo V............................................1269-1277
-
Pons V............................................1277-1313
-
Pons VI Malgauli..................................1313-1322
-
CARDONA
-
Hugo VI...........................................1322-1325
-
To Aragon, 1325
-
BARCELONA The
royal House of Aragón
-
Pedro I (c. of Ribagorza
1325-41; c. of Prades 1341-81)...1325-1341
d. 1381
-
Ramon Berenguer (c.
of Prades 1324-41).......1341-1364
-
Juan I.......................................1364-1386
d. 1398
-
Pedro II (K. of Aragon 1336-87)..............1386-1387
-
Juan I (restored)............................1387-1398
-
Juan II......................................1398-1401
-
Pedro III.........................................1401
-
BARCELONA
-
Martín (K. of Aragón 1395-1410)..............1401-1402
d. 1410
-
de LUNA
-
Maria de Luna (fem.:
Qu. Consort of Aragón)...1402-1406
-
BARCELONA
-
Martín (K. of Aragón 1395-1410)(restored)....1406-1410
-
vacant, as was Aragón 1410-2
-
TRASTAMARA
-
Fernando (K. of Aragón 1412-16)..............1412-1416
-
Alfonso I (Aragón & Sicily 1416-58;
Naples 1442-58)...1416-1436 d. 1458
-
Enrique I (Conde
de Albuquerque).............1436-1445
-
Enrique II the Fortunate (Duque
de Segorbe)..1445-1522
-
Alfonso, K. of Aragón, Sicily, Naples (rest.);
as regent 1445-58
-
Alfonso II (Duque
de Segorbe)................1522-1562
-
Francisco (Duque
de Segorbe).................1562-1575
-
Juana (fem.)..................................1575-1608
-
FERNÁNDEZ de CÓRDOBA
-
Enrique Ramon (Duque
de Segorbe).............1608-1640
-
Luis I Ramon (Duque
de Segorbe)..............1640-1670
-
Joaquin Agustin (D.
de Segorbe)....13 jan.-7 mar. 1670
-
Pedro Antonio (Duque
de Segorbe).............1670-1676 d. 1690:
opposed by...
-
Catalina Antonia (fem.).......................1670-1697
-
de la CERDA
-
Luis I Francisco (Duque
de Medinaceli).......1697-1711
-
FERNÁNDEZ de CÓRDOBA
y FIGUEROA
-
Nicolás María (Duque
de Medinaceli)..........1711-1739
-
Luis II Antonio (Duque
de Medinaceli)........1739-1768
-
Pedro (Duque de
Medinaceli)..................1768-1789
-
Luis III María (Duque
de Medinaceli).........1789-1806
-
Luis IV Joaquín (Duque
de Medinaceli)........1806-1840
-
Luis V Tomás (Duque
de Medinaceli)...........1840-1873
-
Luis VI María (Duque
de Medinaceli)..........1873-1879
-
Luis VII Jesus (Duque
de Medinaceli).........1880-1956
-
María Victoria Eugenia (fem.:Dsa.
de Med.)...1959-1987
-
de MEDINA
-
Ignacio (Duque de
Segorbe)...................1987-
ANDORRA This tiny Principality, nestled
high in the Pyrenees Mountains on the French-Spanish border, was established
in 1278 by the Treaty of Joint Suzerainty between the Spanish Bishop of
Urgel and the French Count of Foix, whose descendants inherited Navarre
in 1479 and then France in 1589. The listing is designed to reflect this
joint sovereignty.
-
To the Counts of Urgel.......................c.
900 ? -1133
-
To Bishopric of Urgel.............................1133-1278
-
Bishops of URGEL............Counts
of FOIX
-
Pedro d'Urg................................(1269-)1278-1293
-
.........................Roger Bernard
III........1278-1302
-
Guillem de Montcada...............................1295-1308
-
.........................Gaston I.................1302-1315
-
Ramón Trebaylla...................................1309-1326
-
.........................Gaston II................1315-1343
-
Arnau de Llordà...................................1326-1341
-
Pere de Narbona...................................1341-1347
-
.........................Gaston III Phoebus.......1343-1391
-
Niccolo Capocci...................................1348-1351
-
Hug Desbac........................................1351-1361
-
Guillem Arnau de Patau............................1362-1364
-
Pero de Luna......................................1365-1370
-
Berenguer D'Erill.................................1371-1388
-
Galceran de Vilanova..............................1388-1415
-
.........................Matthew..................1391-1396
d. 1398
-
To Aragon..............................................1396
-
.........................Matthew (restored).......1396-1398
-
.........................Isabella (fem.)...........1398-1413
with...
-
........................................GRAILLY
-
.........................Archibauld...............1398-1413
-
.........................Jean I...................1413-1436
-
Francesc de Tovia.................................1416-1436
-
.........................Gaston IV................1436-1472
-
Arnau Roger de Pallars............................1437-1461
-
Jaume de Cardona..................................1462-1466
-
Roderic de Borja (Pope as Alexander VI 1492-1503).1467-1472
d. 1503
-
.........................Francois Phoebus.........1472-1483
-
Pere de Cardona...................................1472-1515
-
.........................Catherine (fem.)..........1483-1512
-
To Aragon.........................................1512-1513
-
.........................Catherine (restored).....1512-1517
with...
-
........................................D'
ALBRET
-
.........................Jean II...........(1483-)1512-1516
and then...
-
Joan D'espés......................................1515-1530
-
.........................Henri II.................1516-1555
-
Pere Jordan de Urries.............................1532-1533
-
Francesc de Urries................................1534-1551
-
Miquel Despuig....................................1552-1556
-
.........................Jeanne III (fem.).........1555-1572
with...
-
........................................CAPET-BOURBON
-
.........................Antoine..................1555-1562
and then...
-
Joan Pérez García de Olivan.......................1556-1560
-
Pere de Castellet.................................1561-1571
-
.........................Henri III (K. of France from 1589)...1562-1610
-
Joan Dimes Lloris.................................1572-1576
-
Miquel Jeroni Morell..............................1577-1579
-
Hug Ambròs de Montcada............................1580-1586
-
Andreu Capella....................................1587-1609
-
Bernat de Salvà...................................1610-1620
-
.........................Louis XIII (K. of Fra.)..1610-1643
-
Lluis Diez Aux de Armendáriz......................1621-1627
-
Antoni Pérez......................................1627-1633
-
Pau Duran.........................................1634-1651
-
.........................Louis XIV (K. of Fra.)...1643-1715
-
Joan Manuel Espinosa..............................1655-1663
-
Melcior Palau.....................................1664-1670
-
Pere de Copons....................................1671-1681
-
Joan Baptista Desbac..............................1682-1688
-
Oleguer de Montserrat.............................1689-1694
-
Julián Cano y Tovar...............................1695-1714
-
Simeón de Guinda y Apéztegui......................1714-1737
-
.........................Louis XV (K. of Fra.)....1715-1774
-
Jorge Curado y Torreblanca........................1738-1747
-
Sebastián de Victoria de Emparán y de Loyola......1747-1756
-
Francisco José Catalán de Ocón....................1757-1762
-
Francisco Fernández de Xátiva.....................1763-1771
-
Joaquín de Santiyán y Valdivieso..................1772-1779
-
.........................Louis XVI (K. of Fra.)...1774-1792
-
Juan García Montenegro............................1780-1783
-
José de Boltas....................................1785-1795
-
Francisco Antonio de la Dueña y Cisneros..........1797-1816
-
........................................BONAPARTE
-
.........................Napoleon I Bonaparte (Emp. of Fr.)...1806-1814
-
........................................CAPET-BOURBON
-
.........................Louis XVIII (K. of Fra.).1814-1815
-
........................................BONAPARTE
-
.........................Napoleon I Bonaparte
(r.).....1815
-
........................................CAPET-BOURBON
-
.........................Louis XVIII (K. of Fra.).1815-1824
16 Sept
-
Bernardo Francés y Caballero......................1817-1824
27 Sept
-
.........................Charles X (K. of Fra.)...1824-1830
-
Bonifacio López y Pulido..........................1824-1827
-
Simón de Guardiola y Hortoneda....................1827-1851
-
........................................CAPET-BOURBON-ORLEANS
-
.........................Louis Philip (K. of Fr.).1830-1848
-
........................................2nd
Republic (1848-52); 2nd Empire BONAPARTE
(1852-70)
-
.........................Louis Napoleon
III (Emp. of Fr.)...1848-1870
-
José Caixal y Estrada.............................1853-1879
26 Aug
-
........................................3rd
Republic
-
.........................Louis Adolphe
Thiers.....1871-1873
-
.........................Patrice M. de
MacMahon...1873-1879 30 Jan
-
.........................Francois P. J.
Grévy.....1879-1887
-
Salvador Casanas y Pagés..........................1879-1901
-
.........................Sadi Carnot..............1887-1894
-
.........................Jean Casimir
Périer......1894-1895
-
.........................Francois Félix
Faure.....1895-1899
-
.........................Émile
Loubet.............1899-1906 18 Feb
-
Ramón Riu y Cabanes....................................1901
-
Juan José Laguarda y Fonollera....................1905-1906
6 Dec
-
.........................Clement Armand
Fallieres.1906-1913
-
Juan Benlloch y Vivó..............................1906-1919
-
.........................Raymond Poincaré.........1913-1920
18 Feb
-
Justino Guitart y Vilardebó.......................1920-1940
-
.........................Paul E. L. Deschanel..........1920
21 Sept
-
.........................Alexandre Millerand......1920-1924
-
.........................Gaston Doumergue.........1924-1931
-
.........................Paul Doumer..............1931-1932
-
.........................Albert Lebrun............1932-1940
-
SKOSYREV
-
Boris I.....................................10-20 July 1934 d. 1944
?
-
Skosyrev was a Russian adventurer, self-styled Count
de Orange, who attempted to gain control of Andorra in the 1930's. It should
be noted that he made his declaration in Urgel, Spain, and during the ten
days of his coup, he never actually set foot in Andorra, whose citizens
went on about their business more-or-less undisturbed. He was arrested
by Spanish authorities, after which he faded rapidly from view.
-
........................................Vichy
(Fascist) Regime
-
.........................Henri Philippe
Pétain....1940-1944
-
Ramón Iglesias Navarri............................1942-1969
19 June
-
........................................Provisional
Government
-
.........................Charles de Gaulle........1944-1946
-
.........................Félix
Gouin...................1946
-
.........................Georges Bidault..........1946-1947
-
........................................4th
Republic
-
.........................Vincent Auriol...........1947-1954
-
.........................René Coty................1954-1959
-
........................................5th
Republic
-
.........................Charles de Gaulle
(rest.)1959-1969 28 Apr
-
Ramón Malla Call..........................19 June 1969-1971
-
.........................Georges Pompidou.20
June 1969-1974
-
Juan Marti Alanis.................................1971-2003
-
.........................Valéry
Giscard d'Estaing.1974-1981
-
.........................Francois Mitterrand......1981-1995
-
.........................Jacques Chirac...........1995-2007
-
Joan Enric Vives i Sicília........................2003-
-
.........................Nicolas Sarkozy..........2007-
ARAGÓN
The
eastern coast of Spain, as well as the upland valleys and reaches of the
eastern Pyrenees. It comprises the Catalan speaking portion of the nation.
-
To the Caliphate....................................717-c.
785
-
To the Carolingian Empire......................c.
785-c. 820 ?
-
County of Aragón
-
Aureol.......................................
? -809
-
GALÍNDEZ
-
Aznar Galindo I...........................c.
809-c. 820
-
BELASCOTENES
-
García Galíndez the Evil..........................820-833
-
Galindo García....................................833-844
-
GALÍNDEZ
-
Galindo I......................................c. 844-867
-
Aznar Galindo II...............................c. 867-c. 893
-
Galindo II........................................893-922
-
Andregoto.........................................922-c. 937/943
-
To Navarre..................................c.
937/43-1035
-
Kingdom of Aragón
-
JIMENEZ
-
Ramiro I.........................................1035-1063
-
Sancho...........................................1063-1094
-
Pedro I..........................................1094-1104
-
Alfonso the Battler..............................1104-1134
-
Ramiro II the Monk...............................1134-1137 d. 1147
-
Petronilla.......................................1137-1163 d. 1173
-
BARCELONA
-
Alfonso II the Chaste............................1163-1196
-
Pedro II.........................................1196-1213
-
Jaime I the Conqueror............................1213-1276
-
Pedro III the Great..............................1276-1285
-
Alfonso III the Do-Gooder........................1285-1291
-
Jaime II the Just................................1291-1327
-
Alfonso IV the Good..............................1327-1336
-
Pedro IV the Ceremonious.........................1336-1387
-
Juan I...........................................1387-1395
-
Martin the Humane................................1395-1410
-
Interregnum......................................1410-1412
-
TRASTAMARA
-
Fernando I the Just..............................1412-1416
-
Alfonso V the Magnanimous........................1416-1458
-
Juan II..........................................1458-1479
-
Fernando II the Catholic.........................1479-1516
-
Juana the Mad....................................1516-1555 with...
-
HABSBURG (de Austria in Spanish usage)
-
Carlos I (HRE 1519-1558).........................1516-1556
d. 1558
-
United with Castile to
form Spain
-
Following the unification of the Spanish crowns,
the kings and queens of Spain still claimed the "Crown of Aragon" until
the seventeenth century. They were represented by a series of Lieutenants-General
who had broad civil and military authority over the region.
-
Alfons d'Aragó (Bishop
of Zaragoza).........1485-1511
-
Germana de Foix (queen
lt. general).........1512-1516
-
Alfons d'Aragó (restored)...................1516-1520
-
Juan de Lanuza..............................1520-1535
-
Betrán de la Cueva y Alvarez de Toledo
(d. of Alburquerque)...1535-1539
-
Pedro Manrique de Luna y de Urrea (c.
of Morata de Jalón)...1539-1554
-
Diego Hurtado de Mendoza y de la Cerda (pr.
of Melito)...1554-1564
-
Ferran d'Aragó y de Gurrea (Bp.
Zaragoza)...1566-1575
-
Artal de Alagón y Luna (c.
of Sástago)......1575-1588
-
Iñigo de Mendoza y de la Cerda y Manrique
de Luna (m. of Almenara)...1588
-
Miguel Martinez de Luna y Mendoza (c.
of Morata de Jalón)...1592-1593
-
Diego Fernández de Cabrera Bobadilla y
Mendoza (c. of Chincón)...1593-1601
-
Beltrán de la Cueva y Castilla (d.
of Alburquerque)...1601-1602
-
Ascanio, cardinal Colonna...................1602-1604
-
Gastó de Montcada y Grada (m.
of Aitona)....1604-1610
-
Diego de Pimentel y Enriquez (m.
of Los Gelves)...1617-1620
-
Ferran de Borja y d'Aragó (c.
of Mayalde)...1621-1632
-
Girolamo Carraffa e Carrascciolo (m.
de Montenegro)...1632-1636
-
Pedro Fajardo de Requesens de Zuñiga y
Pimentel (m. of Los Velez)...1635-1638
-
Francesco Maria Carraffa e Carraffa (d.
of Nochera)...1639-1640
-
Enrique de Pimentel y Moscoso (m.
of Tavara).....1641
-
Teodoro, cardinal Trivulzio, (p.
of Trivulzio)...1642-1645
-
Bernadino Fernández de Velasco Tovar y
Córdoba de Aragón (d. of Frias)...1645-1647
-
Francisco de Melo (count
of Assmar)..............1647-1649
-
Francisco Fernández de Castro Andrade
de Portugal e Legnano de Gattinara (count
of Lemos and Andrade)...1649-1653
-
Fabrizio Pignatelli (p.
of Nòia, d. of Monteleone)...1654-1657
-
Niccolò Ludovisi (p.
of Piombino & Venosa)..1659-1662
-
Ferran de Borja d'Aagó i Barreto (c.
of Mayalde)...1662-1664
-
Francisco de Idiáquez de Butrón
Mogica y de Álava (d. of Ciudad Real)...1664-1667
-
Ettore Pignatelli d'Aragona e Cortés (d.
of Terranova & Monteleone, and p. of Noia)...1668
-
Pedro Pablo Ximénez de Urrea Fernández
de Heredia y Zapata (c. of Aranda)...1668-1669
-
Juan Jose de Austria........................1669-1676
-
Lorenzo-Onoffrio Colonna e Gioeni-Cardona (p.
of Paliano)...1678-1681
-
Jaime Fernández de Hixar-Silva Sarmiento
de la Cerda (d. of Hixar)...1681-1687
-
Carlo Antonio Spinelli (p.
of Cariati, d. of Seminara)...1688-1691
-
Baltasar de los Cobos Luna Sarmiento de Mendoza
Zúñiga y Manrique (m. of Camarasa)...1692-1693
-
Juan Manuel Fernández Pacheco Cabrera
y Bobadilla (m. of Villena & d. of Escalona)...1693-1695
-
Domenico del Giudice e Palagno (d.
of Giovenazzo, p. of Cellamare)...1695
-
Baltasar de los Cobos Luna Sarmiento de Mendoza
Zúñiga y Manrique (restored)...1696-1699
ASTURIAS The
north coast of Iberia, fronting on the Bay of Biscay. Asturias is the oldest
of the Christian Kingdoms, the region from whence resistence to the Arabs
first erupted.
-
PELAYEZ (ALARIC)
-
Pelayo............................................718-737
-
Favila............................................737-739
-
PEREZ
-
Alfonso I.........................................739-757
-
Fruela I..........................................757-768
-
Aurelius..........................................768-774
-
Silo..............................................774-783
-
Mauregato.........................................783-788
-
Bermudo I the Deacon..............................788-791
-
Alfonso II the Chaste.............................791-842
-
Nepocian..............................................842
-
Ramiro I..........................................842-850
-
Ordoño I..........................................850-866
-
Alfonso III the Great.............................866-910
-
Fruela II the Cruel...............................910-925
-
Alfonso IV the Monk (King of Leon 914-31).........925-931
-
To Leon thereafter...
-
Mention should be made that the Asturian dignity
did not disappear with the dissolution of the Kingdom. From the 14th century
on Castilian and then Spanish heirs to the throne were regularly styled
Prince or Princess of Asturias. It may be of some interest to note these
heirs, although the dignity was titular only and implied no actual rulership
over the Asturian province.
-
TRASTAMARA
-
Enrique the Infirm (III,
King 1390-1406)....1388-1390 d. 1406
-
Fernando the Just (K.
of Aragon 1412-16)....1390-1401 d. 1416
-
María (fem.).................................1401-1405
d. 1458
-
Juan (II, King 1406-1454)...................1405-1406
d. 1454
-
María (fem.)
(restored)......................1406-1425 d. 1458
-
Enrique the Impotent (IV,
King 1454-1474)...1425-1454 d. 1474
-
Alphonse....................................1454-1468
opposed by....
-
Juana (fem.).................................1462-1474
d. 1506: opposed by...
-
Isabel (fem.)
(I, Queen 1474-1504)...........1468-1474
d. 1504
-
Isabel (fem.)................................1474-1478
d. 1498
-
Juan........................................1478-1497
-
Isabel (fem.)
(restored).....................1497-1498
-
AVIZ
-
Michael.....................................1498-1500
-
TRASTAMARA
-
Juana the Mad (fem.)
(I, Queen 1504-1555)....1500-1504
d. 1555
-
HABSBURG
-
Carlos (I, King
1516-1556: HRE 1519-58).....1504-1506 d. 1558
-
Ferdinand...................................1506-1527
d. 1564
-
Felipe (II, King
1556-1598).................1527-1556 d. 1598
-
Carlos......................................1556-1568
-
Isabel (fem.)................................1568-1571
d. 1633
-
Fernando....................................1571-1578
-
James.......................................1578-1582
-
Filipe (III, King
1598-1621)................1582-1598 d. 1621
-
Isabel (fem.)
(restored).....................1598-1601 d. 1633
-
Anna (fem.)..................................1601-1605
d. 1666
-
Filipe (IV, King
1621-1665).................1605-1621 d. 1665
-
Anna (fem.)
(restored)............................1621 d. 1666
-
María Margarita (fem.)............................1621
-
Anna (fem.)
(re-restored)....................1621-1625 d. 1666
-
María Eugenia (fem.).........................1625-1627
-
Anna (fem.) (re-re-restored).................1627-1629
d. 1666
-
Baltasar Carlos.............................1629-1646
-
María Theresa (fem.).........................1646-1657
d. 1683
-
Felipe Próspero.............................1657-1661
-
María Theresa (fem.)
(restored)...................1661 d. 1683
-
Carlos (II, King
1665-1700).................1661-1665 d. 1700
-
María Theresa (fem.)
(a 3rd time - not named as such, but the closest heir), 1665-1683
-
CAPET-BOURBON
-
Felipe (V, King 1700-24,
1724-1746) (not named as such, but the putative
heir), 1683-1700 d. 1746
-
Carlos (not named as such, but the putative heir),
1700-1707
-
Luis (King 1724)............................1707-1724
-
Fernando (VI, King
1746-1759)...............1724-1746 d. 1759
-
Carlos (III, King
1759-1788)................1746-1759 d. 1788
-
Carlos (IV, King
1788-1808).................1759-1788 d. 1808
-
Fernando (VII, King
1808-1833)..............1788-1808 d. 1833
-
Carlos (1st Carlist
Pretender as Ch. V).....1808-1832 d. 1855
-
Isabel (fem.)
(II, Queen 1833-1868)..........1832-1833
d. 1904
-
Luisa Fernanda (fem.)........................1833-1850
d. 1897
-
Fernando.........................................1850
-
Luisa Fernanda (fem.)
(restored).............1850-1851 d. 1897
-
Isabel (fem.)................................1851-1857
-
Alfonso (XII, King
1874-1885)...............1857-1868 d. 1885
-
vacant
-
SAVOY
-
Emmanuel Philibert..........................1870-1873
opposed by...
-
CAPET-BOURBON
-
Alfonso (XII, King
1874-1885) (rest.).......1868-1874 d. 1885
-
Isabel (fem.)
(restored).....................1874-1880 d. 1931
-
María de las Mercedes (fem.).................1880-1904
- Maria was technically Queen from November
of 1885 to May of 1886, the period of time between her father King
Alfonso XII's death, and the birth of her brother, Alfonso XIII.
-
María Theresa (fem.).........................1904-1907
d. 1912
-
Alfonso.....................................1907-1933
d. 1938
-
Juan........................................1933-1977
d. 1993: opposed by...
-
Juan Carlos (I,
King 1975- )................1969-1975 d. ---
-
Felipe......................................1975-
-
As "Prince of Spain" 1975-1977, "Prince of Asturias"
1977-
The AZORES
A group of small islands lying in the North Atlantic, about 750 miles (1200
km.) west of Portugal.
-
Perhaps sighted at various unknown times in the past
(for example, Carthaginian coins have been found on Corvo), but uninhabited
until the 15th century...
-
Sighted by Portuguese navigators..............1427
or 1431
-
Deliberate colonization commences 1445, Portuguese
possession formally recognized internationally in 1480.
-
Granted local autonomy, 1976
BARCELONA A
county in northeastern Spain, nominally attached to France but more-or-less
independent until it joined Aragon in the 12th century.
-
To the Caliphate....................................717-801
-
To France.........................................801-1137
-
BARCELONA
-
Wifred the Hairy (in Urgel 870-98)................873-898
-
Borel I...........................................898-914
-
Sunyer (in Urgel 898-940).........................914-940
-
Borel II..........................................940-992 with...
-
Ramon Borel.......................................992-1018
-
Berengar Ramon I the Hunchback...................1018-1035
-
Ramon Berengar I the Old.........................1035-1076
-
Ramon Berengar II Burlap-head....................1076-1082 with...
-
Berengar Ramon II the Fratracide.................1076-1097 with...
-
Ramon Berengar III the Great.....................1086-1131
-
Ramon Berengar IV the Holy.......................1131-1162
-
To Aragon........................................1162-1516
-
To Spain thereafter...
-
Note: Barcelona in the hands of Charles "III" (HRE
Charles VI 1711-1740), Habsburg opponent of Philip V during the War of
the Spanish Succession, 1705-1714.
BESALU An
early Christian state in northeast Iberia, north of Barcelona.
-
To Gerona.........................................785-897
-
County of Besalu
-
Radulf............................................897-913
-
Miro II the Younger (in Cerdaña 897-927)..........913-927
-
Wilfred II........................................927-957
-
Sunifred I (in Cerdaña 927-965)...................957-965
-
Miro III Bonfil...................................967-984
-
Oliba Cabreta (in Cerdaña 965-988)................984-988
-
Bernard I Tallaferro..............................988-1020
-
William I the Fat................................1020-1052
-
William II Trunus................................1052-1066
-
Bernard II.......................................1066-1100
-
Bernard III......................................1085-1111
-
To Urgel.........................................1111-1231
-
To Aragon thereafter...
BISCAY (Vizcaya, Basque Bizaiko)
A district on the northern coast of Spain, centered on the city of Bilbao,
50 miles (80 km.) east of Santander, 63 miles (101 km.) east of the French
border, and 75 miles (120 km.) northwest of the old Navarrese capital of
Pamplona. There was an autonomous county here in the Middle Ages, first
associated with Navarre and then with Castile.
-
Local Basque clans, from time immemorial...
-
To the Roman
Republic.............................49-27
-
To the Roman Empire...........................27
BCE-395 CE
-
To the Western
Roman Empire......................395-409
-
To the Suevi.....................................409-c.
475
-
Local Basque clans............................c. 475-905
-
To Navarre.......................................905-1200
-
LÓPEZ (de HARO)
-
Iñigo....................................1033/43-1078
-
Lope Iñíguez (co.
of Alava 1085-90, Guipuzcoa 1080?-1093)...1078-93
-
Diego I López (co.
of Alava 1114-23, Guipuzcoa 1093-1124)...1073-1124
-
Lope I Díaz (count
of Alava 1136-43)........1124-1134 d. 1170
-
Ladrón Íñiguez...........................c.
1134-1150
-
Lope I Díaz (restored)......................1150-1170
-
Diego II López(co.
of Alava, Guipuzcoa 1200-1214)...1170-1214
-
To Castile 1200 and thereafter...
-
After swearing allegiance to the crown of Castille,
the Lords of Biscay became the landlords of Haro in La Rioja.
-
Lope II Díaz (Count
of Alava)...............1214-1236
-
Diego III López (count
of Alava 1246-54)....1236-1254
-
Lope III Díaz (count
of Alava 1273-88)......1254-1288
-
Diego IV López..............................1288-1289
-
María I Díaz the Good (fem.).................1289-1295
d. 1334 opposed by...
-
Diego V López, the Intruder.................1295-1310
-
Diego the Intruder was the founder of the town of
Bilbao
-
María I Díaz, the Good (fem.)
(restored).....1310-1322
-
Juan the One-eyed...........................1322-1326
-
María I Díaz, the Good (fem.)
(re-rest.).....1326-1334
-
BURGUNDY
-
Alfonso the Just (K.
of Castile 1312-1350).......1334 d. 1350
-
LÓPEZ
-
María II Díaz...............................1334-1349
-
De LARA
-
Nuño........................................1350-1352
-
Juana (fem.).................................1352-1358
-
BURGUNDY
-
Pedro the Cruel (K.
Castile 1350-66, 67-9)..1358-1366 d. 1369
-
(Burgundy-)Teilo
-
Tello.......................................1366-1369
-
Tello was the husband of Juana de Lara and bastard
brother of the king Pedro
-
EMANUEL de Pennafield
-
Juana (fem.).................................1369-1371
d. 1381
-
Juana was the wife of king Enrique II of Castile,
another bastard brother of King Pedro, founder of the royal Castilian House
of Trastamara.
-
(Burgundy-)TRASTAMARA
-
Juan (K. of Castile
1378-1390)..............1371-1390
-
United with the Castilian and (1516) Spanish crown
from 1378...
CADIZ A port
in the far south of Spain, facing the Atlantic coast on a narrow strand
enclosing Cadiz Bay from the mouth of the Guadalete River. It is one of
the oldest cities in Iberia.
-
Phoenician City-State of Gadir................c. 1100-501
-
To Carthage.......................................501-206
-
To the Roman
Republic..........................c. 150-27
-
To the Roman Empire............................27
BCE-395 CE
-
To the Western
Roman Empire.......................395-409
-
To the Vandals....................................409-429
-
To the Visigoths..................................429-712
-
To the Caliphate..................................712-755
-
To Cordoba........................................755-1011
-
To Arcos.........................................1011-1069
-
To Seville.......................................1069-1091
-
To Morocco.......................................1101-1143
-
To Arcos.........................................1143-1145
-
To Jerez..............................................1145
-
To Arcos..............................................1145
-
To Morocco.......................................1145-1262
-
To Castile thereafter...
-
Note: Although beseiged by French forces 1810-2,
it was never taken, and served as the capital of Bourbon Spain during the
Napoleonic era.
CANTABRIA A region on the northern coast of Spain, west of the present-day Basque country.
- To the Cantabrii (a group of Celtic or Celtiberian tribes) ? -c. 30 CE
- ??
- Corocotta.....................................fl. 29-19 BCE
- According to Dio Cassius,
Corocotta was the first warlord to unite all the Cantabrian tribes
against Rome. Augustus put a price of 200,000 sestercii on his head. To
the emperor's astonishment, Corocotta himself walked into the Roman
camp, presenting himself and demanding the reward. In a gesture to
Corocotta's bravery, the Augustus let him go after granting him the
money.
- ? 19 BCE-30 CE
- To the Roman Empire...............................30-395
- To the Western Roman Empire......................395-440's
- Largely independent............................440's-c. 600's opposed by...
- Visigothic occupation in the south...............574-711
- The Visigoths created a
march called the Duchy of Cantabria to protect against incursions from
Cantabrians and the neighboring Basques. The duchy became independent
following the Moorish conquest of Spain in 711-712.
- Dukes of Cantabria
- ?
- Pedro...........................................720's-730
- Peter allied with Pelayo,
the king of Asturias, in resisting Muslim invasion from the south. His
son Alfonso married Pelayo's daughter and eventually himself became
King of Asturias in 739.
- Alfonso (king of Asturias 739-757)................730-757
- To Asturias.......................................739-925
- To Leon...........................................924-1230
- During this period,
Cantabria was dominated by the "Brotherhood of the Four Cities,"
Santander, Laredo, Castro Urdiales and San Vicente de la Berquera, a
group of seaports that controlled much of the trade along the northern
Spanish coast. During the Reconquista, the Four Cities were actively involved in the re-settling of parts of Andalusia and central Spain left desolate by the wars.
- To Castile, and (1555) Spain thereafter...
- During the 16th century
Cantabria was divided into a number of jurisdictional lordships, the
most important of which were under the control of three of the Grandee
families of Spain: that of Mendoza (Duques de Infantado, Marquises of
Santillana), of Manrique de Lara (Marquises of Aguilar de Campoo,
Condes de Castañeda) and Velasco (Duques de Frías,
Constables of Castile).
CASTILE
Most
of the central Spanish plateau. The Gonzalez succession were Counts of
Castile; previous rulers were purely local castellans in nominal subsurvience
to Asturias or Leon.
-
To the Caliphate....................................712-755
-
To Cordoba........................................755-c.
850
-
To Asturias....................................c.
850-910
- Asturian governors, castellans and lords of Castille
- Counts of Alava
- Rodrigo.................................c. 860/7-873
- Diego Rodriguez..............................873-885 and...
- Vela Jiménez.................................873-c.887
- Munio Velaz................................c.887-c.921
- To Leon...........................................910-1029
- Álvaro Herrameliz (+ co. of Cerezo & Lantarón)...c.921-930
- To Castile 930
- Counts of Burgos
- Gonzalo Fernández of Lara (+ in Castille).c. 899-915
- To Castile 915
- Counts of Castile
- Munio Núñez of Castrogeriz.................c.899-c.901
- Gonzalo Téllez (+ in Cerezo & Lantarón)....c.901-c.904
- Munio Núñez of Castrogeriz (restored)......c.904-c.909
- Gonzalo Fernández of Lara (+ in Burgos)....c.909-915
- To Leon...........................................910-1029
- Fernan Ansúrez...............................915-920
- Nuño Fernández of Amaya......................920-926
- Fernan Ansúrez (restored)....................926-c.929
- Gutier Núñez...............................c.929-930
- Counts of Cerezo & Lantarón
- Gonzalo Téllez (also in Castile)...........c.897-913
- To Leon...........................................910-1029
- Fernan Díaz..................................913-c.921
- Álvaro Herrameliz (also count of Alava)....c.921-930
In 930 the territories of Castile, Burgos, Alava, Cerezo and Lantario were united under a single count, Fernan Gonzalez.
- Counts of (unified) Castile
- Gonzalez
-
Fernan.......................................930-970
with...
-
Assur........................................944-947
-
Garcia I of the White Hands..................970-995
-
Sancho I of the Good Laws....................995-1017
-
Garcia II Sanchez...........................1017-1029
-
To Navarre.......................................1029-1035
-
Kings of Castile
-
JIMENEZ
-
Fernando I the Great.............................1035-1065
-
Sancho II the Strong.............................1065-1072
-
Alfonso VI the Brave.............................1072-1109
-
Urraca (fem.).....................................1109-1126
-
BURGUNDY
-
Alfonso VII the Emperor..........................1126-1157
-
Sancho III the Desired...........................1157-1158
-
Alfonso VIII the Noble...........................1158-1214
-
Enrique I........................................1214-1217
-
Berenguella the Great (fem.)...........................1217
-
Fernando III the Saint...........................1217-1252
-
Alfonso X the Wise...............................1252-1284
-
Sancho IV the Brave..............................1284-1295
-
Fernando IV the Summoned.........................1295-1312
-
Alfonso XI the Just..............................1312-1350
-
Pedro the Cruel..................................1350-1366 d. 1369
-
(Burgundy-) Trastamara
-
Enrique II the Bastard...........................1366-1367 d. 1379
-
Burgundy
-
Pedro the Cruel (restored).......................1367-1369
-
Trastamara
-
Enrique II the Bastard (restored)................1369-1379
-
Juan I...........................................1379-1390
-
Enrique III the Infirm...........................1390-1406
-
Juan II..........................................1406-1454
-
Enrique IV the Impotent..........................1454-1474
-
Isabella I (fem.).................................1474-1504
-
Juana the Mad (fem.)..............................1504-1555
with...
-
HABSBURG (de Austria, in Spanish usage)
-
Felipe I the Handsome..........................(1504-)1506
-
Carlos I (HRE 1519-1558).........................1555-1556
d. 1558
-
Unified with Aragon to
form Spain
CERDAÑA
An early Christian state in northeast Iberia, north of Barcelona.
-
To the Carolingian Empire.........................798-870
-
Margraves of Cerdaña
-
Borel I of Carcassonne.......................798-820
-
Aznar Galindo I of Aragon....................820-824
-
Galindo Aznarez I............................824-834
-
Sunifred I of Carcassonne....................834-848
-
Salomon......................................848-870
-
County of Cerdaña
-
Miro I the Elder..................................870-896 with...
-
Wilfred I the Hairy (Co. of Barcelona 873-98).....870-897
-
Miro II the Younger (in Besalu 913-927)...........897-927
-
Sunifred I (in Besalu 957-965)....................927-965
-
Sunifred II.......................................965-988 with...
-
Oliba II Cabreta (in Besalu 984-988)..............965-988
-
Wilfred II........................................988-1036
-
Ramon Wilfred I..................................1036-1068
-
William Ramon I..................................1068-1095
-
William Jordan...................................1095-1109
-
Bernard I William, regent 1102-1109, then Count in
his own right.
-
Bernard I William................................1109-1117
-
To Barcelona.....................................1117-1162
-
To Aragon thereafter...
GALICIA The
extreme northwest corner of Iberia. A Kingdom was established here during
the Middle Ages, a division of Asturias in 910, but it had only an intermittent
existence. One of the most sacred shrines in Mediaeval Christendom, Santiago
de Compostela, is located here.
-
To the Suevi......................................409-585
-
To the Visigoths..................................585-712
-
To the Caliphate..................................712-c.
725
-
To Asturias....................................c.
725-910
-
PEREZ
-
Ordoño II (King of Leon 914-24)...................910-924
-
Fruela II the Cruel (Astur. 910-25, Leon 924-5)...924-925
-
Alfonso Froilaz the Hunchback.....................925-926
-
Alfonso IV the Monk (Astur. & Leon 926-31)........926-931
opposed by...
-
Sancho Ordoñez....................................926-929 and
then...
-
Ramiro II (Astur. & Leon 931-51)..................929-951
-
To Asturias (Leon after 931)......................931-982
-
Viking invasion under Gundered 966
-
Bermudo II (King of Leon from 984)................982-999
-
To Leon...........................................984-1037
-
To Castile.......................................1037-1065
-
JIMENEZ
-
Garcia...........................................1065-1071 d. 1094
-
To Castile.......................................1071-1072
-
Garcia (restored)................................1072-1073 d. 1094
-
To Castile.......................................1073-1112
-
As Countess of Galicia
-
Urraca (fem.,
Queen
of Castile 1109-1126)....1109-1112 d. 1126
-
BURGUNDY
-
Alfonso VII (King of Castile 1126-1157)..........1112-1157
-
To Leon..........................................1157-1188
-
To Castile.......................................1188-1369
-
To Portugal......................................1369-1371
-
To Castile.......................................1371-1386
-
Occupied by English forces (John of Gaunt).......1386-1388
-
To Castile, and then Spain (1516), thereafter...
Britonia (Bretoña) Note
also the Romano-British settlement usually called Britonia or
Brittaniensis, located around the bulge of land east of El Ferrol, in
the far northwestern corner of Galicia. Settled in the 6th
century by refugees from Anglo-Saxon incursions in much the same manner
as Brittany (Armorica) in France, the community came to be overseen by
their own bishops. The ecclesiastic establishment and the community in
general, is obscure, and little is known of it.
- Mailoc............................................fl. 572
- Metopius..........................................fl. 633
- Sonna.............................................fl. 646
- Susa..............................................fl. 653
- Bela..............................................fl. 675
- ??
- The
Bishopric was ravaged in 830 by Vikings, and other Sees were
re-established in the area (Dumio 866-1136, Villamaior 1136-1199,
Ribadeo 1199-1218, and Mondoñedo from 1219.).
GERONA A town in far northeastern Spain,
50 miles (80 km.) northeast of Barcelona and about 30 miles (48 km.) south
of the French border.
-
To the Visigoths..................................411-714
-
To the Caliphate..................................714-785
-
County of Gerona (nominally within the Frankish Empire)
-
Rostany...........................................785-793 d. 801
-
To the Caliphate..................................793-797
-
Rostany (restored)................................797-801
-
Odilo.............................................801-812
-
Bera..............................................812-820
-
Rampo.............................................820-826
-
To Septimania.....................................826-832
-
To Toulouse.......................................832-835
-
To Septimania.....................................835-844
-
To Urgel..........................................844-848
-
Wilfred I.........................................848-852
-
Odalric...........................................852-858
-
Hunfried..........................................858-862
-
Otger.............................................862-870
-
Bernard (II) of Gothia............................870-878
-
To Barcelona......................................878-888
-
AMPURIAS
-
Dela (usurper)....................................888-890
-
To Barcelona......................................890-1162
-
To Aragon........................................1162-1516
-
To Spain.........................................1516-1808
-
Center of Loyalist opposition to Napoleonic Kingdom
of Spain, 1808-1809
-
To (Napoleonic) Spain............................1809-1812
-
To France........................................1812-1814
-
To Spain thereafter...
LEON
Freed from Muslim control in 855, it emerged as a separate division of
Asturias in 910. It held a sporadic existence until its final absorption
into Castile in the 13th century.
-
To the Caliphate....................................712-755
-
To Cordoba........................................755-855
-
To Asturias.......................................855-910
-
PEREZ
-
Garcia............................................910-914
-
Ordoño II (King of Galicia 910-24)................914-924
-
Fruela II the Cruel (Astur. 910-25, Gal. 924-5)...924-925
-
Alfonso IV........................................925-931
-
Ramiro II.........................................931-950
-
Ordoño III........................................950-955
-
Sancho the Fat....................................955-958 d. 966
-
Ordoño IV the Wicked..............................958-960
-
Sancho the Fat (restored).........................960-966
-
Ramiro III........................................967-982 d. 984
-
Bermudo II........................................982-999
-
Alfonso V.........................................999-1028
-
Bermudo III......................................1028-1037
-
To Castile.......................................1037-1065
-
Alfonso VI.......................................1065-1070 d. 1109
-
To Castile.......................................1070-1157
-
BURGUNDY
-
Fernando II......................................1157-1188
-
Alfonso IX.......................................1188-1230
-
To Castile thereafter
NAVARRE
The
region of Navarre is a pocket Kingdom lying alongside the western Pyrenees.
Isolated at an early stage from direct contact with Muslim Spain, it has
been thereby less involved with the process of the
reconquista,
and more open to other influences, particularly those of France, and those
of the native Euskeran (Basque) folk.
-
Counts of Pamplona
-
INIGUEZ
-
Iñigo I Arista.................................c. 810-851
-
Garcia I Iñíguez..................................851-870
opposed by...
-
Garcia Jiménez....................................870-882
-
Iñigo II..............................................882
-
Fortuno...........................................882-905
-
Kingdom of Navarre
-
JIMENEZ
-
Sancho I..........................................905-926
-
Garcia II.........................................926-970
-
Sancho II.........................................970-992
-
Garcia III........................................992-1000
-
Sancho III the Great.............................1000-1035
-
Garcia IV........................................1035-1054
-
Sancho IV........................................1054-1076
-
Sancho V.........................................1076-1094
-
Pedro............................................1094-1104
-
Alfonso the Battler..............................1104-1134
-
Garcia V the Restorer............................1134-1150
-
Sancho VI the Wise...............................1150-1194
-
Sancho VII the Strong............................1194-1234
-
CHAMPAGNE
-
Theobald I.......................................1234-1253
-
Theobald II......................................1253-1270
-
Henry I..........................................1270-1274
-
Jeanne I.........................................1274-1304
-
CAPET
-
Louis the Stubborn (K. of France 1314-6).........1304-1314
d. 1316
-
Philip (King of France 1316-22)..................1314-1322
-
Charles I (King of France).......................1322-1328
-
Jeanne II........................................1328-1349
-
EVREUX
-
Charles II the Bad...............................1349-1387
-
Charles III the Noble............................1387-1425
-
Blanche..........................................1425-1441 with...
-
TRASTAMARA
-
John I...........................................1425-1479
-
Eleanor...............................................1479
-
De GRAILLY
-
Francis Phoebus..................................1479-1483
-
Catherine........................................1483-1512 d. 1517
with...
-
D' ALBRET
-
John II..........................................1483-1512 d. 1516
-
Spanish Navarre seized by Spain..................1512-1810
-
Here is a very fragmentary account of the Viceroys
of Navarre appointed by the Spanish Crown since unification.
-
Diego Fernandez de Cordoba (Mqs. Comares)...1512-1515
-
Pedro de Acuna (Count of Buendía)...........1515-1516
-
Antonio Manrique de Lara (Duke of Nájera)...1516-1521
-
Francisco de Zuniga (C. Miranda del Castañar)...1521-1524
-
(Bishop of Tuy).............................1524-1527
-
Martino-Alonso Fernandez de Cordoba (C. Alcaudete)...1527-1534
-
Diego Hurtado de Mendoza (Mqs. of Cañete)...1534-1542
-
(Lord of Grajal)............................1542-1543
-
(Marquis of Mondéjar).......................1543-1546
-
(Count of Castrogeriz)......................1546-1547
-
(Lord of Salinas)...........................1547-1549
-
Bernardino de Cardenas (Duke of Maqueda)....1549-1552
-
Beltran de la Cueva (Duke of Alburquerque)..1552-1559
-
?
-
(Count of Alcaudete)........................1564-1565
-
(Lord of Escalante).........................1565-1567
-
Juan de la Cerda (Duke of Medinaceli).......1567-1572
-
(Duke of Trayeto)...........................1572-1575
-
(Lord of Leyva).............................1575-1579
-
Francisco Hurtado de Mendoza (Mqs. Almazán).1579-1589
-
(Marquis of Cortes).........................1589-1595
-
Juan Cardona................................1595-1610
-
Alonso de Idiaquez Butron (D. of Ciudad Reale)...1610-1618
-
(Count of Aguilar)..........................1618-1620
-
Juan de Mendoza (Marquis of Hinojosa).......1620-1623
-
Bernardino Gonzalez de Avellaneda (C. of Castrillo)...1623-1629
-
(Duke of Meneses)................................1629
-
(Marquis of Fuentes)........................1629-1631
-
Luis Bravo de Acuña.........................1631-1634
-
Francisco Gonzalez de Andia-Irarrazabal (Mqs.
Valparaíso)...1634-1637
-
(Archibishop of Burgos).....................1637-1638
-
(Marquis of los Vélez)......................1638-1640
-
(Duke of Nochera)...........................1640-1641
-
(Marquis of Tabara)..............................1641
-
--- de Mendoza (Count of La Coruña).........1641-1643
-
--- Alvarez de Toledo (Count of Oropesa)....1643-1646
-
(Duke of Populi).................................1646
-
Luis de Guzmán..............................1646-1649
-
Diego Roque Pacheco (Mqs. of Villena).......1649-1653
-
(Count of Santisteban)......................1653-1661
-
Antonio Alvarez de Toledo (Mqs. Villanueva del
Río)...1661-1662
-
(Marquis of San Román)......................1662-1664
-
(Duke of San Germán)........................1664-1667
-
Diego Caballero de Illescas.................1667-1671
-
(Prince of Parma)...........................1671-1676
-
Bernardino de Velasco (C. of Fuensalida)....1676-1681
-
Iñigo de Velandia...........................1681-1684
-
Diego de Guzman (Marquis of Leganés).............1684
-
(Marquis of Bayona).........................1684-1685
-
(Prince of Chimay)..........................1685-1686
-
(Duke of Bournonville)......................1686-1691
-
Juan Manuel Lopez Pacheco (D. Escalona).....1691-1692
-
Baltasar Zuniga (Marquis of Valero).........1692-1697
-
(Marquis of Conflans).......................1697-1698
-
--- de Vega (Count of Grajal)...............1698-1699
-
Domingo de Pignatelli (Mqs. of S. Vicente)..1699-1702
-
--- de Benavides (Marquis of Solera)........1702-1706
-
(Prince of Tserclaes)............................1706
-
(Duke of San Juan)..........................1709-1713
-
Pedro Nuno Colon de Portugal (D. of Veragua).....1713
-
(Prince of Castiglione).....................1713-1722
-
Gonzalo Chacón..............................1722-1723
-
(Count of Las Torres).......................1723-1739
-
--- de Lanzos (Count of Maceda).............1739-1749
-
Count of Gages..............................1749-1753
-
Tomás Pinto.................................1753-1754
-
Gran Castellán de Amposta...................1754-1760
-
Juan Francisco de Guemes (C. Revilla-Gigedo).....1760
-
(Marquis of Cairo)..........................1760-1765
-
(Count of Glymes)................................1765
-
(Count of Ricla)............................1765-1768
-
Alonso de Solis (Duke of Montellano).............1768
-
Francisco Bucarelli.........................1768-1780
-
Manuel Azlor................................1780-1788
-
Martin Antonio Alvarez de Sotomayor (C. Colomera)...1788-1795
-
(Principe de Castelfranco)..................1795-1796
-
Joaquín de Fondesbiela......................1796-1798
-
--- Giron (Marquis of Las Amarillas)........1798-1807
-
José Miguel de Carvajal (D. of San Carlos).......1807
-
(Marquis of Vallesantoro)...................1807-1808
-
(Count of Campo Alegre)..........................1808
-
(Duke of Cotadilla)..............................1808
-
Luis Antonio Berton des Balbes (D. of Mahón)1808-1810
-
To France........................................1810-1814
-
--- Doufour
-
--- Reille
-
--- Abbe
-
To Spain.........................................1814-
-
José de Ezpeleta (Count of Ezpeleta)........1814-1823
-
Carlos José Enrique de Espana de Couserans
de Cominges (C. of España)...1823
-
(Marquis of Lazán)..........................1823-1824
-
Juan José Ruiz de Apodaca (C. of Venadito)..1824-1826
-
(Duke of Castroterreño).....................1826-1830
-
(Marquis of Valle de Rivas).................1830-1834
-
Antonio Sola.....................................1834
-
(Marquis of Rodil)...............................1834
-
(Count of Espoz y Mina)..........................1834
-
Luis Fernández de Córdova........................1834
-
Joaquin Baldomero Fernandez Espartero (Duke of
la Victoria)...1834
-
(Count of Sarsfield).............................1834
-
Jerónimo Valdés..................................1834
-
Vicente Genaro de Quesada (Marquis of Moncayo)...1834
-
Santiago Ricardo Wall (C. of Armildez de Toledo).1834
-
Manuel Lorenzo..............................1834-1835
-
Manuel de Benedicto
-
(Baron of Meer)
-
Joaquín de Ezpeleta
-
Francisco Cabrera
-
Manuel Latre
-
Martín José Iriarte
-
(Baron of Carandolet)
-
Isidro Aalix (Count of Vergara)
-
(Count of Belascoain)
-
Felipe Ribero................................
? -1841
-
In 1841 the Viceroyalty was discontinued. In the
late 1970's, a certain level of autonomy was granted to many Spanish provinces,
formally enacted in 1982. What follows are the leaders of the Navarre government
in this era.
-
Presidents of the Government
-
Jaime Ignacio del Burgo Tajadura............1979-1980
-
Juan Manuel Arza Muñuzuri...................1980-1984
-
Jaime Ignacio del Burgo Tajadura (rest.).Jan-May
1984
-
Gabriel Urralburu Tainta....................1984-1991
-
Juan Cruz Alli Aranguren....................1991-1995
-
Javier Otano Cid............................1995-1996
-
Juan Cruz Alli Aranguren (restored)....June-Sept
1996
-
Miguel Sanz Sesma...........................1996-2011
- Yolanda Barcina (fem.).......................2011-
Finally, the succession of French Navarre, a small
fragment of territory of the old Kingdom within the Department
of
Bearn
and based at Pau.
-
De GRAILLY
-
Catherine.................................(1483-)1512-1517 with...
-
D' ALBRET
-
Jean II...................................(1483-)1512-1516 and then...
-
Henri II.........................................1516-1555
-
Jeanne III.......................................1555-1572 with...
-
CAPET-BOURBON
-
Antoine..........................................1555-1562 and then...
-
Henri III (King of France 1589-1610).............1562-1610
Henry III succeeded to the throne of France in 1589;
French Navarre enters into personal union with France thereafter.
PALLARS An
early Christian countship in northeast Iberia, between Barcelona and Jaca.
-
To Toulouse.......................................806-833
-
Galindo Aznarez...................................833-848
-
To Toulouse.......................................848-872
-
RAMONDEZ (Gascony)
-
Ramon I...........................................872-920 with...
-
Izarna...................................904-914, 918-948 with...
-
Partitioned between itself and Ribagorza, 920
-
Lupe..............................................920-947 and then...
-
Guillen...........................................947-950 and...
-
Borel II (and in Barcelona).......................947-995
and...
-
Ramon III.........................................947-995
-
Sunyer............................................995-1011 with...
-
Ermengol..........................................995-1011
-
Partitioned between Jussa and Sobira, 1011
-
Ribagorza
-
Unifred I.........................................917-952 with...
-
Miró I............................................920-952 and...
-
Bernard I Unifred.................................920-c. 956 with...
-
Guillem I.........................................947-975 and...
-
Ramon III.........................................952-964 and then...
-
Unifred II........................................964-979 and...
-
Arnald............................................964-990 and...
-
Isarn.............................................964-1003 and...
-
Toda (fem.)........................................964-1011
-
Guillem II Isarnez...............................1011-1017
-
To Navarre.......................................1017-1035
-
Mayor.......................................1022-1025
-
To Aragon thereafter...
-
GONZALVEZ
-
Gonçalvo.................................c.
1035-1045
-
Ramiro I....................................1045-1063
-
Sancho......................................1063-1094
-
Pedro I.....................................1094-1104
-
Ramiro II...................................1104-1137
with...
-
Alfonso I...................................1104-1134
-
Peronella (fem.).............................1134-1173
-
vacant
-
BARCELONA The
royal House of Aragón
-
Pedro II (c. of
Ampurias 1325-41; c. of Prades 1341-81)...1325-1381
-
Alfonso II (duque
de Gandia)................1381-1412
-
Alfonso III (duque
de Gandia)...............1412-1425
-
vacant
-
TRASTAMARA
of Aragón
-
Carlos de Viana..............................
? -1461
-
Eleonora (fem.)...........................c.
1461-1464
-
Fernando (king of
Aragon 1479-1516)......c. 1464-1476 d. 1516
-
Alfonso IV (duque
de Villahermosa)..........1476-1485
-
Juan (duque de Luna)........................1485-1528
-
Alfonso Felipe (duque
de Luna)..............1528-1550
-
Martin (dqe. de
Villahermosa & de Luna).....1550-15 ?
d. 1581
-
Juan Alfonso.................................
? -1573
-
Fernando II (dqe.
Villahermosa & Luna)......1573-1592
-
Francisco (dqe.
de Villahermosa & de Luna)..1592-1622
-
Pallars-Jussa
-
Ramon IV.........................................1006-1047
-
Ramon V..........................................1047-1098
-
Arnald I.........................................1098-1111
-
Pedro............................................1098-1112
-
Bernardo.........................................1112-1124
-
Arnald II Miron..................................1124-1174 with...
-
Ramon VI.........................................1172-1177
-
Valencia (fem.)...................................1177-1182
-
Dulce de So (fem.)................................1182-119
-
To Aragon, 1192
-
Pallars-Sobira
-
Guillen II.......................................1011-1035
-
Bernardo II......................................1035-1049
-
Artal I..........................................1049-1081
-
Artal II.........................................1081-1124
-
Artal III........................................1124-1167
-
Artal IV.........................................1167-1180
-
Bernardo III.....................................1180-1199
-
Guillema (fem.)...................................1199-1229
-
Guillem IV.......................................1204-1216
-
COMMAGENE
-
Roger I..........................................1216-1236
-
Roger II.........................................1236-1256
-
Arnald Roger I...................................1256-1288
-
Ramon Roger I....................................1288-1294
-
Sibila (fem.).....................................1295-1327
with...
-
MATAPLANA
-
Hugo I...........................................1297-1327
-
Arnald Roger II..................................1327-1343
-
Ramon Roger III..................................1343-1350
-
Hugo Roger I.....................................1350-1366
-
Arnald Roger III.................................1366-1369
-
Hugo Roger II....................................1369-1416
-
Roger Bernat I...................................1416-1424
-
Arnald Roger IV..................................1424-1451
-
Hugo Roger III...................................1451-1481
-
To Aragon, 1481
PORTUGAL A
vitally important state in western Iberia, facing the Atlantic. The Portuguese
owe a considerable debt for their culture to Celtic influences; and Europe
owes much to the Portuguese for their extraordinary feats of navigation
and exploration in the 15th and 16th centuries.
-
To the Roman
Republic..........................c. 150-84 opposed by...
- Viriathus (throughout all Lusitania)..............148-c. 139
-
Quintus Sertorius..................................84-72
-
Sertorius was a kinsman and supporter of Gaius Marius.
After the rise of Sulla, the Social War (87) the death of Marius (86) and
the subsequent assassination of Lucius Cornelius Cinna in 84 BCE, Sertorius
abandoned Rome for Lusitania (Northwestern Iberia). He ruled not as a king
but as "Proconsul" and attempted to set up a state along Roman republican
lines. In 82 a Sullan army defeated him and he fled to Africa, but returned
shortly thereafter with an army of Moorish mercenaries at the request of
the Lusitani tribe, which he proceeded to rule (repulsing an invasion led
by Metellus Pius and a very young Pompey the Great) until his assassination
in 72 by agents of Perpenna Vento, a dissatisfied subordinate.
-
To the Roman
Republic..............................72-27
-
To the Roman
Empire............................27 BCE-395 CE
-
To the Western
Roman Empire.......................395-409
-
To the Vandals....................................409-429
-
To the Visigoths..................................429-712
-
To the Caliphate..................................712-755
-
To Cordoba........................................755-1022
-
To Badajoz.......................................1022-1094
-
Central districts to Portugal (Castile) 1094
-
Far northern Portugal to Asturias.................868-910
-
Counts of Oporto
-
Vimarano Pérez...............................868-
?
-
Menedo I..................................c.
899- ?
-
Guterres Mendez
-
Fruela Gutierrez
-
Far northern Portugal to Leon.....................910-1029
-
Jimeno Diaz
-
Ramiro (in Viseu
and León)...................926-950
-
?
-
Gonçalo Menéndez.............................960-
?
-
Menendo II Gonçalves.........................
? -1008
-
Toda Mumadona (fem.).........................1008-
?
-
Nuno I Alvitiz...............................
? -1028
-
Far northern Portugal to Navarre.................1029-1035
-
Menendo III Nuñez...........................1028-1052
-
Northern Portugal to Castile.....................1035-1139
-
Nuno II Menéndez............................1052-1071
-
To Coimbra 1071
-
Counts of Coimbra
-
Sisnando Davidiz............................1064-1092
-
Martin Moniz................................1092-1094
-
Raymond.....................................1093-1107
-
To Portugal 1107
-
Counts of Portugal
-
CAPET-Burgundy ("Alphonsine" in Portuguese
usage)
-
Enrique.....................................1094-1112
-
Kingdom of Portugal
-
Afonso I (1st King 1139).........................1112-1185
-
Theresa of Castile (fem.),
Regent 1112-1129
-
Sancho I.........................................1185-1211
-
Afonso II the Fat................................1211-1223
-
Sancho II the Monk...............................1223-1248
- Afonso (III), Regent 1245-1248
-
Afonso III.......................................1248-1279
-
Diniz the Fair...................................1279-1325
-
Afonso IV the Brave..............................1325-1357
-
Pedro I the Severe...............................1357-1367
-
Fernao (I).......................................1367-1383
-
Beatriz (fem.)....................................1383-1385
d. aft. 1409
-
Eleonora Tellez de Meneses (fem.),
Regent 1383-1385 with...
-
Joao (I) of Aviz, Regent 1383-1385
-
AVIS (A
relict of Capet-Burgundy)
-
Joao I the Great.................................1385-1433
-
Duarte the Philosopher...........................1433-1438
-
Afonso V the African.............................1438-1481
-
Eleonora of Aragon (fem.),
Regent 1438-1440
-
Pedro, count of Coimbra, Regent 1440-1448
-
Joanna (fem.),
Regent 1471-1475
-
Joao (II), Regent 1475-1477
-
Joao II the Perfect..............................1481-1495
-
Manoel I the Lucky...............................1495-1521
-
Joao III the Pious...............................1521-1557
-
Sebastiao........................................1557-1578
-
Catharina (fem.),
Regent 1557-1562
-
Enrique, archbishop of Lisbon, Regent 1562-1568
-
Enrique (Archbp. of Lisbon 1564-1570)............1578-1580
- Antonio (Prior of Crato)..............................1580 d. 1595
-
HABSBURG (Spain)
("Philippine" in Portuguese usage)
-
Philip I (K. of Spain, Naples, Sicily 1555-98)...1580-1598
-
Philip II (K. of Spain, Naples, Sicily)..........1598-1621
-
Philip III (K. of Spain, Naples, Sicily 1621-65).1621-1640
d. 1665
-
For Spanish viceroys of Portugal, see
note
below, immediately following this section.
-
BRAGANÇA (A
relict of Avis)
-
Joao IV the Fortunate............................1640-1656
-
Afonso VI........................................1656-1683
-
Luiza Francisca de Guzmán, Regent 1656-1662
-
Luíz de Vasconcelhos e Sousa, conde de Castelo
Melhor, Regent 1662-1667
-
Pedro (II) duke of Bragança and then king,
Regent 1667-1683
-
Peter II the Peaceful............................1683-1706
-
Catarina Henriqueta de Bragança, Regent 1705-1706
(Queen Consort of England, Scotland, and Ireland
1662-1685)
-
Joao V the Magnanimous...........................1706-1750
-
Joseph the Reformer..............................1750-1777
-
Maria Ane Vitoria de Bourbon, Regent 1774-1777
-
Pedro III........................................1777-1786 with...
-
Maria I (fem.) (removed
to Brazil 1799)...........1777-1809 d. 1816
-
Joao (VI), príncipe de Bragança, Regent
in Brazil 1799-1816
-
Occupation by French troops, with opposition
by British troops, 1809-1810
-
Regents within Portugal:
-
Governors of the kingdom 1807-1808
-
Pedro de Lencastre da Sliveira Castelo Branco Sá
e Meneses, marquês de Abrantes
-
Francisco da Cunha Meneses
-
Francisco Rafael de Castro
-
Pedro de Melo Breyner
-
Francisco Xavier de Noronha
-
Governors of the kingdom 1808-1809
-
Francisco Xavier de Noronha
-
Francisco da Cunha Meneses
-
Francisco de Melo da Cunha de Mendonça e Meneses
, marquês de Olhão
-
João Francisco Benedito de Sousa Lencastre
e Noronha, marquês das Minas
-
António de São Jose de Castro, bishop
of Oporto
-
Governor of the kingdom 1809-1820
-
William Carr Beresford, Viscount Beresford
-
Maria I (restored)...............................1810-1816
-
Joao VI the Merciful.............................1816-1826
-
Pedro IV the Liberator (Emp. of Brazil 1822-31).......1826
d. 1834
-
Maria II (fem.)...................................1826-1828
d. 1853
-
Isabel Maria, Regent 1826-1828
-
Pedro (IV), Regent 1828
-
Miguel (I), Regent 1828
-
Miguel...........................................1828-1834 d. 1866
-
Maria II (restored)..............................1834-1853 with...
-
WETTIN
-
Ferdinand (II)...................................1837-1853 d. 1885
-
Ferdinand of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, husband of Maria,
was created "King Consort" in 1837 and, as such, is numbered by some among
the kingdom's sovereigns.
-
Pedro V..........................................1853-1861
-
Ferdinand (II), Regent 1853-1855
-
Luiz the Pleased.................................1861-1889
-
Carlos the Martyr................................1889-1908
-
Manoel II the Scholar............................1908-1910 d. 1932
-
First Republic...................................1910-1926
-
Military Junta...................................1926-1933
-
The "New State" of Oliveira Salazar..............1933-1968
-
Caetano Regime...................................1968-1974
-
Second Republic..................................1974-
-
Spanish Viceroys
and governing juntas of Portugal in the era 1580-1640
-
Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, duque d'Alba....1580-1582
-
Albert of Austria, archbishop of Toledo.....1583-1593
-
Ruling Junta 1593-1599
-
Miguel de Castro, archbishop of Lisbon
-
Juan de Silva, Conde de Portalegre
-
Francisco Mascareñas
-
Duarte Castelo-Branco, Conde de Sabugal
-
Miguel de Moura
-
Cristóbal de Moura, Marq. de Castel Rodrigo.1600-1603
-
Alfonso Castelo-Branco, Conde de Coimbra....1603-1604
-
Pedro Castilho, bishop of Leiria............1605-1607
-
Cristóbal de Moura, (restored)..............1608-1613
-
Alejo de Meneses, archbishop of Guarda......1614-1615
-
Miguel de Castro, archbishop of Lisbon....acting
1615
-
Diego de Silva y Mendoza, Conde de Salinas..1616-1621
-
Ruling Junta (successive) 1621-1633
-
Martín Alonso de Mejía, 1621-1622
-
Diego de Castro, 1622-1626 with...
-
Nuño Álvarez de Portugal, 1622-1623
and then...
-
Diego da Silva, 1623-1630 with...
-
Alfonso Hurtado de Mendoza, 1627-1630
-
Antonio Ataide, 1631-1633 with...
-
Nuño de Mendoza, 1631-1633
-
Juan Manuel, archbishop of Lisbon................1633
-
Diego de Castro, Conde de Basto.............1633-1634
-
Margaretha of Savoy, duchess of Mantua......1634-1640
ROMAN SPAIN Here
is a record of the provincial authorities in Roman Iberia.
-
Hispania Citerior The Roman
province in eastern Hispania - encompassing what would later become Aragon,
Navarre, eastern Asturias, and eastern Castile.
-
Prætors
-
Gaius Sempronius Tuditanus............................197
-
Quintus Minucius Thermos..........................196-195
-
Publius Manlius...................................195-194
-
Sextus Digitius...................................194-193
-
Gaius Flaminius...................................193-188 ?
-
Lucius Manlius Acidinus...........................188-186
-
Lucius Quintius Crispinus.........................186-184
-
Aulus Terencius Varron............................184-182
-
Aulus Fulvius Flacus..............................182-180
-
Tiberius Sempronius Gracus........................180-178
-
Marcus Titinius Curvus............................178-176
-
Publius Furius Filo...............................174-173
-
?
-
Marcus Claudius Marcellus.......................169 ?-168 ?
-
Consuls
-
Quintus Piso..................................... fl. c. 155
-
Quintus Fulvius Piso Nobilior.....................153-152
-
Marcus Claudius Marcellus (restored)..............152-151
-
Lucius Licinius Lucullus..........................151-150 ?
-
Claudius Unimanus...............................146 ?-145 ?
-
Quintus Fabius Maximus Emilianus..................145-144 ?
-
Quintus Cecilius Metellus.........................143-141
-
Quintus Pompeius..................................141-140 ?
-
Marcus Pompilius Laenas.........................140 ?-139 ?
-
Caius Hostilius Mancinus........................139 ?-138
-
Publius Cornelius Scipio Nasica Serapius..........138-137 ?
-
Æmilius Lepidus...................................137-136
-
Lucius Furius Filo................................136-135
-
Quintus Calpurnius Piso...........................135-134
-
Publius Cornelius Scipio Æmilianus................134-133
-
?
-
Marcus Sergius....................................118-114
-
Sextus Marius.....................................114- ?
-
Qunitus Fabius Labeon.............................111-110
-
Gnaius Cornelius Scipio...........................fl. c. 109
-
Gaius Celius Caldus...............................fl. c. 99
-
Titus Didius.......................................98-93
-
Gaius Valerius Flacus..............................93-83
-
Quintus Sertorius..................................83-81
-
Marcus Domicius Calvinus.......................... ? -79
-
?
-
Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus (in Hisp. Ult. 54-49).......77-71
-
Gnaeus Calpurnius Piso.............................70- ?
-
Marcus Papius Piso.................................65- ?
-
Quintus Metelus Nepotian...........................56-55
-
Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus (rest.)(and Hisp. Ult.).....54-49
-
Marcus Æmilius Lepidus.............................49- ?
-
HISPANIA ULTERIOR The Roman
province in western Hispania - comprising what would later become Galicia,
Portugal, Leon, and western Castile.
-
Prætors
-
Marcus Helvius....................................197-196
-
Quintus Fabius Buteon.............................196-195
-
Appius Claudius Nero..............................195-194
-
Publius Cornelius Scipio Nasica...................194-193
-
Marcus Fulvius Nobilior...........................193-191
-
Lucius Æmilius Paulus.............................191-188
-
Gaius Atinius.....................................188-186
-
Gaius Calpurnius Piso.............................186-184
-
Publius Sempronius Longus.........................184-182
-
Publius Manlius...................................182-180
-
Lucius Postumus Albinus...........................180-178 ?
-
Lucius Mancinus.................................... ? -173
-
?
-
Marcus Claudius Marcellus........................169 ?-168 ?
-
?
-
Marcus Manlius.....................................155-154
-
Calpurnius Piso....................................154-153
-
Lucius Mummius.....................................153-152
-
Marcus Atilius Serranus............................152-151
-
Servius Sulpicius Galba............................151-149 ?
-
Gaius Vetilius.................................... ? -147
-
Gaius Plautius...................................147 ?-146 ?
-
Fabius Maximus.....................................145-144 ?
-
Quintus Fabius Maximus Servilianus.................143-141 ?
-
Quintus Servilius Cepio............................140-139
-
Decius Junius Brutus...............................138-136
-
?
-
Quintus Fabius Maximus.............................124-123
-
Quintus Cæcilius Metellus Balearicus...............123-122
-
?
-
Gaius Marius.......................................115-114
-
Quintus Calpurnius Piso............................fl. c. 110
-
Quintus Servilius Cepio............................fl. c. 108
-
Quintus Cepio......................................fl. c. 103
-
Decius Junius Silanus..............................fl. c. 99
-
Lucius Cornelius Dolabella.........................fl. c. 97
-
Publius Licinius Crassus............................96-92
-
Lucius Fufidius.................................... ? -80
-
Quintus Cæcilius Metellus Pius......................79-71
-
Gaius Antistius Vetus..............................fl. c. 68
-
Gaius Julius Cæsar..................................61-60
-
?
-
Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus (and Hisp Cit. 77-1, 54-49)..54-49
-
Marcus Terencius Varon..............................49-48
-
Quintus Cassius Longinus...............................48
-
Gaius Trebonius.....................................47- ?
-
Gaius Albinus Carinas..................................45
-
?
-
BAETICA A senatorial province
comprising the south of Spain, essentially the Sierra Morena hills east
and south of the Guadiana River, together with the watershed of the Quadalquivir
River south of the highlands, centered on Cordoba.
-
Within Hispania Ulterior...........................197-22
BCE
-
Governors
-
?
-
Vivius Severus.....................................fl. c. 14 CE
-
?
-
Umbronius Silus....................................fl. c. 43
-
?
-
Marcus Ulpius Trajanus (Imp. 98-117)................71-74
-
?
-
Baebius Massa......................................fl. c. 93
-
??
-
Aufidius Victorinus................................173- ?
-
??
-
Aulus Caecina Tacitus..............................fl. c. 300
-
?
-
Egnatius Faustinus.................................fl. c. 337
-
?
-
Decimius Germanianus...............................353-360
-
?
-
Rebellion of Magnus Maximus (+ Brit., Gaul, Africa)...383-388
-
LUSITANIA An imperial province
in western Iberia, comprising most of Portugal (except for that portion
north of the Douro River), and the Spanish provinces of Caceres, Salamanca,
and Avila. Created in 22 BCE.
-
Within Hispania Ulterior...........................197-84
- Viriathus..........................................148-c. 139
- Rebellion of Quintus Sertorius......................84-72
BCE
-
Within Hispania Ulterior............................72-22
-
Governors
-
Publius Carisius....................................22-19 BCE
-
Quintus Articuleius Regulus........................fl. c. 1 CE
-
Quintus Acutius Faienanus..........................fl. c. 14
-
?
-
Lucius Fulcidius Trius.............................fl. c. 31
-
Gaius Ummidius Durmius Quadratus...................fl. c. 37
-
Lucius Calventius Vetus Carminius..................fl. c. 39
-
Marcus Porcius Cato................................fl. c. 45
-
Marcus Salvius Otho (Imp. 69).......................58-68
-
?
-
Lucius Pompeius Vospicus...........................fl. c. 75
-
?
-
Gaius Calpurnius Flacus............................fl. c. 121
-
Gaius Oppius Sabinus Julius........................fl. c. 128
-
?
-
Quadratus..........................................fl. c. 154
-
Gaius Iavolenus Calvinus Geminius..................fl. c. 160
-
?
-
Sextus Tigidius Peremnis...........................fl. c. 185
-
Publius Septimius Geta.............................fl. c. 191
-
Gaius Caesonius Macer Rufinianus...................fl. c. 194
-
Gaius Junius Faustinus Placidus Postumianus........fl. c. 197
-
Junius Coelianus...................................fl. c. 200
-
Sextus Furnius Julianus............................fl. c. 210
-
Rutilus Pudens Crispinus...........................fl. c. 225
-
??
-
Gaius Sulpicius....................................fl. c. 319
-
Caecilianus........................................fl. c. 320
-
Numerius Albanus...................................fl. c. 336
-
Julius Saturninus..................................fl. c. 337
-
Aurelius Ursinus...................................fl. c. 340
-
?
-
Vettius Agorius Praetextatus.......................fl. c. 360
-
?
-
Volventius.........................................fl. c. 382
-
Rebellion of Magnus Maximus (+ Brit., Gaul, Africa)...383-388
-
?
-
TARRACONENSIS An Imperial Province
comprising northern and Eastern Spain - basically what would eventually
emerge as Galicia, Leon, Asturias, parts of Castile, Navarre, and most
of Aragon. Created in 24 BCE.
-
Governors
-
Lucius Aelius Lamia....................................24- ?
-
Publius Silius Nerva..................................fl. c. 19 BCE
-
Lucius Calpurnius Piso................................ ? -25 CE
-
?
-
Servius Sulpicius Galba (Imp. 68-69)...................60-68
-
Cluvius Rufus.........................................fl. c. 69
-
?
-
Cornelius Priscianus..................................fl. c. 145
-
Caius Valerius Avitus
-
Septimius Severus.....................................171- ?
-
Aufidius Victorinus...................................173- ?
-
Novius Rufus..........................................fl. c. 197
-
?
-
Dacianus
-
?
-
Julianus..............................................fl. c. 312
-
Julius Severus........................................fl. c. 316
-
Badius Macrinus.......................................fl. c. 324
-
?
-
Rebellion of Magnus Maximus (+ Brit., Gaul, Africa)...383-388
-
?
-
GALLÆCIA A province in
the far northwest of Iberia, roughly the same as the Mediaeval kingdom
of Galicia. Separated from Tarraconensis in 212 CE.
-
Governors
-
??
-
Æmilius Maximus....................................c. 312-c.
324
-
Philomantius Catullinus...............................fl. c. 338
-
?
-
Rebellion of Magnus Maximus (+ Brit., Gaul, Africa)...383-388
-
?
-
To the Suevi
409; see Galicia.
-
CARTAGINENSIS A province in
the far southeast of Iberia, based around the port city of Cartagena.
Separated from Tarraconensis in 212 CE.
-
No names of governors for this region at this
time.
-
Rebellion of Magnus Maximus (+ Brit., Gaul, Africa)...383-388
-
?
-
To the Vandals........................................409-416
-
To the Visigoths from 416
-
BALEARICA The Balearic Isles,
off the eastern coast of Iberia
-
Governors
-
??
-
Rebellion of Magnus Maximus (+ Brit., Gaul, Africa)...383-388
-
?
-
Litorius..............................................fl. c. 409
SOBRARBRE One
of the divisions of Navarre in 1035 (along with Aragon, Castile, and Navarre),
it's king had no heirs, so it disappeared almost immediately.
-
This district commences with a compilation of seven
sovereigns in two families, separated by a republican era, all of which
inhabit legendary tales, and cannot be confirmed or documented otherwise.
-
García Ximénez.................................c. 724-758
-
García Iñíguez I..................................758-802
-
Fortúnus Garcés I.................................802-815
-
Sancho Garcés.....................................815-833
-
Aristocratic republic.............................833-867
-
ARISTA (Íñiga)
-
Iñigo Ximénez.....................................867-870
-
García Iñíguez II.................................870-885
-
Fortúnus Garcés II................................885-901
-
?
-
To Navarre...................................<
1016/8-1035
-
JIMENEZ
-
Gonzalo..........................................1035-1039
-
To Castile thereafter...
SPAINA
general survey of the entire state.
-
Tartessos (Tarshish)
(in south & s.east)...c. 900/850-c. 510
-
Tartessos to Carthage..........................c.
510-206 BCE
-
From their base at Tartessos, in the south, Carthage
took about half of the remainder of Iberia during the 3rd century BCE.
While Carthage was technically a republic in this era, the Barca clan had
a lock on state authority, and their rule in Iberia can be regarded as
effectively monarchic. The following were normally leaders of the Carthaginian
state, with a few variations in dates.
-
To Carthage
(south of the Ebro)................c. 237-206
-
BARCA
-
Hamilcar.....................................237-229
-
Hasdrubaal the Handsome......................229-221
-
Hannibal (the famous Hannibal)...............221-218
d. 182
-
Hasdrubaal the Younger.......................218-207
with...
-
Himilco (appointed by Carthagian Senate).....217-215
-
The east and southeast coast to Roman
Republic .......212/197
-
Most of the interior seized between 181 and 121
BCE.
-
To the Roman
Empire............................27 BCE-395 CE
-
To the Western
Roman Empire.......................395-409
-
KINGDOM of the ALANS (Gaul
407-9, Iberia 409-415)
-
Goar............................................. fl. 411
-
Addac..........................................c. 413-415
-
Merged with the Asding Vandals 415
-
KINGDOM of the (Asding) VANDALS (Gaul
407-9, Iberia 409-29, North Africa
thereafter)
-
Gunderic....................................... < 415-428
-
KINGDOM of the (Siling) VANDALS (
Iberia c. 409-17)
-
Fredbal............................................ < 415
-
Ruler or rulers, name(s) unknown..................415-417
-
To the Visigoths, 417
-
VISIGOTH KINGDOM (Not
in Iberia until c. 412)
-
Fritigern.........................................fl. 376
-
Alaric I..........................................395-410
-
Ataulf............................................410-415
-
Sigeric...............................................415
-
Wallia............................................415-418
-
Theodoric I.......................................418-451
-
Thorismund........................................451-453
-
Theodoric II......................................453-466
-
Euric.............................................466-484
-
Alaric II.........................................484-506
-
Amalric...........................................506-531
-
Theudis...........................................531-548
-
Theudegisel.......................................548-549
-
Agila I...........................................549-554
-
Athanagild........................................554-568
-
Leova I...........................................568-572 with...
-
Leovigild.........................................568-586
-
Reccared I........................................586-601
-
Leova II..........................................601-603
-
Witterich.........................................603-610
-
Gundemar..........................................610-612
-
Sisebur...........................................612-621
-
Reccared II...........................................621
-
Swinthila.........................................621-631
-
Sisenand..........................................631-636
-
Chintila..........................................636-640
-
Tulga.............................................640-642
-
Chindaswinth......................................642-653
-
Reccaswinth.......................................653-672
-
Wamba.............................................672-680
-
Erwig.............................................680-687
-
Egica.............................................687-701
-
Witiza............................................701-709
-
Roderic...........................................709-711
-
Agila II (in northern and eastern Iberia only)....711-714
-
Ardo (in Septimania only c. 716 >)................714-719
-
BYZANTINE IBERIA
In the mid 6th century, the Eastern Roman Empire under Justinian I expanded
to it's greatest extent, encompassing much of the old Roman territory,
including Rome itself. As a result of a civil war among the Visigoths in
551, one of the competitors, Athanagild, invited Byzantine troops to support
him. By 554 he had won the Visigothic crown, but was unable to dismiss
his Byzantine allies - in a move preshadowing the Caliphate conquest 150
years later, the Eastern Roman troops followed up their victory in the
civil war by staying in the country and carving out a Byzantine province
in southeastern Iberia, based on the port city of Cartagena.
-
Southeastern Spain to the Byzantine Empire........554-621
-
Byzantine Governors
-
?
-
Comenciolus..................................fl.
589/590
-
?
-
Carsarius....................................fl.
c. 620
-
Reconquered by the Visigoths..........................621
-
Visigothic kingdom conquered by the Caliphate
in 711/2.
-
Fragmented into dozens of local states, both Muslim
and Christian; an era dominated by the Reconquista, the attempt
by Christian successors to the old Visigoth Kingdom to reclaim their patrimony.
A general overview of the various phases of Mulim occupation is as follows...
-
Era of the Universal Caliphate....................712-755
-
Caliphate Governors
-
Tariq ibn Ziyad..............................711-712
-
Tariq, a Berber, was dispatched by the Muslim governor
of Morocco, Musa ibn Nusayr, to probe the defenses and determine the plausibility
of an invasion of Iberia. Within a short time of his arrival (at Jebal
al-Tariq, or Gibraltar) the Visigothic
kingdom had completely collapsed as dissident groups (particularly rural
nobles and urban Jews) flocked to the side of the invaders.
-
Musa ibn Nusayr (as
gov. of Morocco).........712-714
-
Abd al-Aziz (in
Cordova from 719)............714-721
-
Abd ar-Rahman................................721-732
-
Abd ar-Rahman led an invasion of Aquitaine in 732
and was defeated by Charles Martel near Poitiers.
-
A number of other governors, appointed and deposed
with a high degree of frequency...732-750's
-
Yusuf........................................
? -755
-
Yusuf was overthrown by Abd al-Rahman, the last scion
of the Umayyad dynasty, who founded an independent emirate in al-Andalus.
-
Era of al-Andalus.................................755-1009
-
First Era of Fragmentation.......................1009-1091
-
First Moroccan (Almoravid)
Era...................1091-1145
-
Second Era of Fragmentation......................1145-1150
-
Second Moroccan (Almohad)
Era....................1150-1228
-
Third Era of Fragmentation.......................1224-1249
-
Granadan Twilight................................1249-1492
-
Details of the rulers of these Muslim states are
to be found in this file's companion, al-Andalus.
-
HABSBURG (d' Austria in Spanish usage)
-
Carlos I (HRE 1519-1558).........................1516-1556
d. 1558
-
Felipe II........................................1556-1598
-
Felipe III.......................................1598-1621
-
Felipe IV........................................1621-1665
-
Carlos II........................................1665-1700
-
CAPET-BOURBON
-
Felipe V.........................................1700-1724 d. 1746
-
Louis.................................................1724
-
Felipe V (restored)..............................1724-1746
-
Ferdinand VI.....................................1746-1759
-
Carlos III.......................................1759-1788
-
Carlos IV........................................1788-1808 d. 1819
-
Ferdinand VII.........................................1808 d. 1833
-
BONAPARTE
-
Joseph...........................................1808-1813 d. 1844
-
CAPET-BOURBON
-
Ferdinand VII (restored).........................1813-1833
-
Isabella II......................................1833-1868 d. 1904
-
Provisional Government...........................1868-1870
-
SAVOY
-
Amadeus..........................................1870-1873 d. 1890
-
First Republic...................................1873-1874
-
CAPET-BOURBON
-
Alfonso XII......................................1874-1885
- Maria de las Mercedes........................Nov 1885-May 1886 d. 1904
- In a highly unusual set of circumstances,
5-year old Maria became a kind of temporary Queen Regnant following the
demise of her father Alfonso XII. Her mother was pregnant at the time,
and until the gender of the child became known, Maria was the eldest
legitimate heir to Alfonso - if the pregnancy had produced a daughter,
Maria would have remained Queen, while a new son would have taken
precedence and assumed the throne from birth; which is what occured
when Her Majesty gave birth to Alfonso XIII 6 months later.
-
Alfonso XIII.....................................1886-1931 d. 1941
- Maria Christina of Austria, Regent 1886-1902
-
Second Republic..................................1931-1939
-
Fascist State ("Regency" after 1947).............1939-1975
-
CAPET-BOURBON
-
Juan Carlos......................................1975-2014 d. ---
- Felipe VI........................................2014-
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SPANISH EMPERORS
Mention should be made of a series of Mediaeval Iberian rulers who
styled themselves as Emperors - of Spain, or occasionally more local
regions. The overall notion was that of a kind of "High King", a first
among equals, similar to the Ardry of Ireland, or the Bretwalda in
Anglo-Saxon Britain.
Nevertheless. the dignity was
never formalized in terms who among the Christian Spanish monarchs was
authorized assume the title, and fairly often more than one would claim
it at the same time. While on the subject, it should also be noted that
the Spanish State as presently established only dates in a
constitutional sense from 1808 - previous to which, the Spanish
monarchs from 1555 utilized the style of "King of the Spains and the
Indies" (note the plural), with many local regions possessing their own
autonomous legislatures and charters.
- Alfonso III the Great (Asturias)..................866-910
- There is no contemporary reference to Alfonso as "Emperador" - the style only occurs in later chronicles.
- Sancho I (Navarre)................................905-925
- Ordono II (Leon 910-924)..........................914-924
- Ramiro II (Leon)..................................931-951
- Ordono III (Leon).................................951-956
- Flavio Ramiro III (Leon)..........................966-984 under the regency of...
- Elvira Ramires (fem. "Imperatrix").................966-975
- Alfonso V (Leon)..................................999-1025
- Sancho III the Great (Navarre 1000-1035).........1004-1035
- Bermudo III (Leon 1027-1037).....................1034-1037
- Ferdinand the Great (Castile 1035, Leon 1037)....1056-1065
- Garcia (Galicia 1065-1072).......................1070-1090 alongside....
- Alfonso VI (Castile).............................1077-1109 with....
- Ramon of Galicia.................................1092-1107
- Urraca (fem.).....................................1109-1114
- Alfonso I (Aragon)...............................1114-1129 d. 1134
- Alfonso VII (Castile and Leon)...................1135-1157
- Alfonso XI (Castile).............................1312-1350
- Emperor in Castile
- Fernan Gonzales (Count of Castile)................923-970
- Garcia Fernandes (Count of Castile)...............970-995
- Emperor in Portugal
- Afonso I (Portugal 1112-1185)....................1144-1185
TARTESSOS
A native Iberian city and Kingdom, once controlling much of southern Spain,
The location of the city is not known exactly; the best estimates place
it in or near the La Marismas wetlands, close to the modern estuary of
the Guadalquivir River, by the southern coast of Iberia and facing the
Atlantic. Established prior to 800 BCE, the place was an important source
of copper and silver to the ancient world, and was a well-known, if very
distant, port-of-call to many peoples: Biblical notes regarding the city
of Tarshish are probably refering to this place.
-
Celto-Iberian migrations into the region from before
1300 BCE.
-
Turdetanian tribal district from c. 1000-800
-
Chrysa'or
-
Geryon
-
Norax
-
Gargoris
-
Habis
-
Arganthonis....................................c. 620-early 6th cent.
-
To Carthage....................................c.
510-206
-
To Rome, etc...
-
Tartessos fades from view during Carthaginian
times. It seems to have been damaged or destroyed when the Carthaginians
assumed control of the region, but a more important reason for it's disappearance
was probably the gradual silting of the Guadalquivir estuary with attendent
shifting of the riverbed, creating a malarial wetlands where the river
had once flowed.
TOLEDO The
ecclesiastic leaders of this ancient city. The Cardinal-Archbishops of
Toledo are the Primates of the Spanish Church. For secular rulers during
the Moorish era, go here.
-
Roman Era
-
Eugenius
-
Melancius.........................................fl. c. 300
-
? ................................................300-325
-
Patruinus.........................................325-335
-
Toribius..........................................335-345
-
Quintus...........................................345-355
-
Vincent...........................................355-365
-
Paulatus..........................................365-375
-
Natallus..........................................375-385
-
Audencius.........................................385-395
-
Asturius..........................................395-412
-
Visigothic Era
-
Isicius...........................................412-427
-
Martin I..........................................427-440
-
Castinus..........................................440-454
-
Campeius..........................................454-467
-
Sinticius.........................................467-482
-
Praumatus.........................................482-494
-
Petrus I..........................................494-508
-
Celsus............................................ ? -520
-
Montanus..........................................520-521
-
Julian I
-
Bacauda
-
Petrus II
-
Euphemius
-
Exuperius
-
Adelphus
-
Conancius
-
Aurasius..........................................603-615
-
Eladius...........................................615-633
-
Eugenius I (II)...................................633-646
-
Eugenius II (III).................................646-657
-
Ildefonsus........................................657-667
-
Quiricus..........................................667-680
-
Julian II.........................................680-690
-
Sisbert...........................................690-693
-
Felix.............................................694-700
-
Gunderic..........................................700-710
-
Islamic era: the Universal Caliphate, 712-755
-
Sindered..........................................711- ?
-
Sunirend
-
Concordius
-
Cixila............................................745-754
-
Islamic era: the Cordoban Caliphate, 755-1010
-
Elipando..........................................754-800
-
Gumesind.......................................... ? -828
-
Wistremir......................................... ? -858
-
Bonito............................................859-892
-
Juan I............................................892-926
-
Islamic era: the Emirate of Toledo, 1010-1085
-
vacant
-
Pascual..........................................1058-1080
-
vacant
-
Castilian Era, 1085-1516
-
Bernard I de Cluny...............................1086-1124
-
Raimundo.........................................1124-1152
-
Juan II..........................................1152-1166
-
Cerebruno........................................1167-1180
-
Pedro III de Cardona.............................1181-1182
-
Gonzalo I Petrez.................................1182-1191
-
Martin II Lopez de Pisuerga......................1192-1208
-
Rodrigo Jimenez de Rada..........................1209-1247
-
Juan III Medina de Pomar.........................1248-1248
-
Gutierre I Ruiz Dolea............................1249-1250
-
Sancho I, Infante of Castile.....................1251-1261
-
Domingo Pascual..................................1262-1265
-
Sancho II de Aragon..............................1266-1275
-
Fernando I Rodriguez de Covarubias...............1276-1280
-
Gonzalo II Garcia Gudiel.........................1280-1299
-
Gonzalo III Diaz Palomeque.......................1299-1310
-
Gutierre II Gomez de Toledo......................1310-1319
-
Juan III, Infante of Aragon......................1319-1328
-
Jimeno de Luna...................................1328-1338
-
Gil Alvarez de Albornoz..........................1338-1350
-
Gonzalo IV de Aguilar............................1351-1353
-
Blas Fernandez de Toledo.........................1353-1362
-
Gomez Manrique...................................1362-1375
-
Pedro IV Tenorio.................................1375-1399
-
vacant
-
Pedro V de Luna..................................1403-1414
-
Sancho III de Rojas..............................1415-1422
-
Juan IV Martinez de Contreras....................1423-1434
-
Juan V de Cerezuela..............................1434-1442
-
Gutierre III Alvarez de Toledo...................1442-1445
-
Alfonso Carillo de Acuna.........................1446-1482
-
Pedro VI Gonzalez de Mendoza.....................1482-1495
-
Francisco I Jimenez de Cisneros..................1495-1517
-
Modern Era
-
Guillermo de Croy................................1517-1521
-
vacant
-
Alonso de Fonseca................................1523-1534
-
Juan VI Pardo Tavera.............................1534-1545
-
Juan VII Martinez Silecio........................1545-1557
-
Bartolome Carranza y Miranda.....................1558-1576
-
Gaspar I de Quiroga y Vela.......................1577-1594
-
Albert, Archd. of Austria........................1595-1598
-
Garcia Loayasa y Giron...........................1598-1599
-
Bernardo II de Sandoval y Rojas..................1599-1618
-
vacant
-
Fernando II de Austria...........................1620-1641
-
vacant
-
Gaspar II de Borja y Velasco..........................1645
-
Baltasar Moscoso y Sandoval......................1646-1665
-
Pascual de Aragon................................1666-1677
-
Luis Manuel Fernandez Portocarrero...............1677-1709
-
vacant
-
Francisco Valero y Losa..........................1715-1720
-
Diego de Astorga y Cespedes....................1720-1724
-
vacant
-
Luis I de Borbon y Farnesio......................1735-1754
-
Luis II Fernandez de Cordoba.....................1755-1771
-
Francisco Antonio de Lorenzana...................1772-1800
-
Luis Maria de Borbon y Villabriga................1800-1823
-
Pedro Inguanzo y Rivero..........................1824-1836
-
vacant
-
Juan Jose Bonel y Orbe...........................1849-1857
-
Cirilo Alameda y Brea............................1857-1872
-
vacant
-
Juan Ignacio Moreno y Maisanove..................1875-1884
-
Zeferino Gonzalez y Diaz-Tunon...................1885-1886 d. 1894
-
Miguel Paya y Rico...............................1886-1891
-
Antolin Monescillo y Viso........................1892-1898
-
Ciriaco Sancha y Hervas..........................1898-1909
-
Gregorio Maria Aguirre y Garcia..................1909-1913
-
Victoriano Guisasola y Menendez..................1913-1920
-
Enrique I Almaraz y Santos.......................1920-1921 d. 1922
-
Enrique II Reig y Casanova.......................1922-1927
-
Pedro VII Segura y Saenz.........................1927-1931 d. 1957
-
vacant
-
Isidro Goma y Tomas..............................1933-1940
-
Enrique III Pla y Daniel.........................1941-1968
-
Vicente Enrique y Tarancon.......................1969-1972
-
Marcelo Gonzalez Martin..........................1972-1995
-
Francisco II Alvarez Martinez....................1995-
URGEL A County
in northern Spain, with varying levels of autonomy during it's history.
-
To the Empire of the Franks, thence to France..to
the 12th cent.
-
Borel.....................................c.
789-c. 820
-
Aznar Galindo I...........................c.
820-824 >
-
Galindo II Aznárez........................824
> -c. 834
-
Sunyer I..................................c.
834-848
-
Solomon......................................848-870
-
BARCELONA
-
Wifred the Hairy (in
Barcelona 873-98).......870-898
-
Sunyer II (in Barcelona
914-40)..............898-940
-
Miro.........................................940-966
-
To Barcelona.................................966-992
-
BARCELONA-URGEL
-
Armengol I He of Cordoba.....................989-1011
-
Armengol II the Pilgrim.....................1011-1038
-
Armengol III He of Barbastro................1038-1066
-
Armengol IV He of Gerp......................1066-1092
-
Armengol V He of Moieruca...................1092-1102
-
Armengol VI He of Castile........................1102-1153/4 with...
-
Armengol VII He of Valencia......................1149-1184
-
Armengol VIII He of San Hilario..................1184-1208/9
-
Aurembiaix (fem.)...............................1208/9-1213
d. 1231
-
CABRERA
-
Wero.............................................1213-1228
-
BARCELONA-URGEL
-
Aurembiaix (fem.)
(restored)......................1228-1231 with...
-
CAPET-BURGUNDY
-
Peter I..........................................1229-1231
-
To Aragon........................................1231-1236
-
CABRERA
-
Ponce I de Urgel.................................1236-1243
-
Armengol IX...........................................1243
-
Álvar the Castilian..............................1243-1268
-
Armengol X.......................................1268-1314
-
To Aragon........................................1314-1408
-
James the Unfortunate............................1408-1413
-
To Aragon thereafter...
**************************************************